Source: Margaret Barker, Temple Theology: An Introduction (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 2004), 13–32.
The Jewish Temple and Creation.wav
This podcastis based on Margaret Barker's Temple Theology. It explores the profound significance of the Jerusalem Temple in understanding early Christianity. It argues that the temple was not merely a building, but a representation of creation and the dwelling place of God, whose theology deeply influenced the beliefs and practices of Jesus and his followers. The study meticulously examines various aspects of the temple, such as the Holy of Holies, the veil, and priestly rituals, drawing on biblical accounts and extra-biblical texts like the Book of Enoch and the Dead Sea Scrolls to reconstruct a more complete picture of temple theology. Ultimately, the study contends that understanding the temple is crucial for grasping the origins and core tenets of Christian faith, including concepts like the Messiah, incarnation, atonement, and the nature of the divine.
1. The nature and symbolism of the temple as a representation of creation: The temple and its predecessor, the tabernacle, were understood to mirror the six days of creation, with different parts corresponding to specific days and aspects of the cosmos. The holy of holies represented the first day and the throne of God, while the veil symbolized the second day and the separation of the heavens and the earth.
2. The central importance and mysterious nature of the holy of holies: This inner sanctuary was considered the hidden heart of creation and the source of life. It was associated with the throne of God, angels, and a secret tradition accessible primarily to the high priest. The experience of entering the holy of holies was linked to visions of creation and even a form of theosis or transformation.
3. The symbolic meaning of the veil of the temple: The veil represented the web of matter concealing the divine. Its fabric, woven from four colors, was believed to symbolize the four elements of creation. The tearing of the veil at the time of Jesus' death and its connection to the concept of incarnation are significant themes.
4.The unique role and significance of the high priest: The high priest was seen as the one who could enter the holy of holies and possessed access to its secret knowledge. In temple theology, the high priest was associated with the Melchizedek figure and the Son of God. The concept of atonement and the high priest's vestments also held symbolic importance.
5. The profound influence of temple traditions and theology on the origins and practices of early Christianity: Early Christians drew heavily on temple imagery and language to express their faith. Jesus and his followers identified themselves with the true temple and Jesus as the great high priest. Concepts like the destruction and rebuilding of the temple, the heavenly throne, the veil, atonement, and even early liturgical practices like the epiklesis have roots in temple theology.
6. The challenges and limitations of relying solely on biblical texts for understanding the temple: The biblical accounts of the temple are often inconsistent, focus mainly on external aspects, and lack details about the beliefs and theology associated with it. Important elements like the cherub throne, the veil, and temple music are presented with discrepancies or omissions in different biblical books. Therefore, understanding the temple requires drawing on a wider range of ancient materials beyond the Bible.
1. Why is understanding the Jerusalem Temple crucial for comprehending Christian origins?
The Jerusalem Temple, which stood for over a thousand years, was the central religious institution of Judaism in the time of Jesus and his early followers. Despite its eventual destruction, its influence was profound. The early Christians, including Jesus himself, operated within the world of the Temple, utilizing its language, imagery, and concepts to express their faith. Understanding the Temple helps illuminate the background and meaning behind many New Testament passages and early Christian practices.